Efficacy of sweet solutions in relieving pain caused by vaccination in infants aged 1 to 12 months: a systematic review / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the efficacy of oral sweet solutions in relieving pain caused by vaccination in infants aged 1 to 12 months.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Related databases were searched to find related randomized control trails (RCTs). The quality of these RCTs was evaluated. The Meta analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 20 RCTs involving 2 376 infants were included, and quality assessment showed that 6 RCTs had grade A quality and 14 had grade B quality. The Meta analysis showed that compared with sterile water, 25%-75% oral sweet solution significantly reduced crying time (WMD=-21.16, 95%CI -39.66 to -2.77, P<0.05) and the proportion of crying time (the duration of crying /3-minute periods after the injection) (WMD=-13.83, 95%CI -20.88 to -6.78, P<0.01), while the crying time showed no significant difference between the group treated with oral administration of 12% sucrose solution and non-intervention group. Co</p><p><b>ONCLUSIONS</b>Oral sweet solution (25%-75%; 2 mL) given 2 minutes before vaccination can effectively relieve the pain caused by vaccination in infants aged 1-12 months.</p>

Association between change of health care providers and pregnancy exposure to FDA category C, D and X drugs / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Changing health care providers frequently breaks the continuity of care, which is associated with many health care problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between a change of health care providers and pregnancy exposure to FDA category C, D and X drugs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 50% random sample of women who gave a birth in Saskatchewan between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2000 were chosen for this study. The association between the number of changes in health care providers and with pregnancy exposure to category C, D, and X drugs for those women with and without chronic diseases were evaluated using multiple logistical regression, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the association measures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 18 568 women were included in this study. Rates of FDA C, D, and X drug uses were 14.35%, 17.07%, 21.72%, and 31.14%, in women with no change of provider, 1-2 changes, 3-5 changes, and more than 5 changes of health care providers. An association between the number of changes of health care providers and pregnancy exposure to FDA C, D, and X drugs existed in women without chronic diseases but not in women with chronic disease.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Change of health care providers is associated with pregnancy exposure to FDA category C, D and X drugs in women without chronic diseases.</p>

Pre-conceptive factors on the birth ponderal index / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the pre-conceptive factors on birth ponderal index (PI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourteen towns were selected randomly from the 37 towns of Liuyang county, Hunan province, through cluster sampling in a prospective cohort study. Information was collected on all the women registered at the Maternity and Child Care Departments, and were planning to give birth in the coming year plus willing to receive a blood test and then followed-up until delivery. Single factor analysis would involve chi-square test and correlation analysis, while the multiple-factor analysis would adopt binary logistic regression method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1368 women were recruited in the cohort and 611 of them had a delivery of one child. Means of birth weight, birth length, and birth PI were (3.26 ± 0.43) kg, (50 ± 0.46) cm and 26.08 ± 3.43, respectively. Data from the multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that income (OR = 6.920, 95%CI: 1.089 - 43.974) and cortisone levels (OR = 5.121, 95%CI: 0.886 - 29.611) were related to low PI, while LDL-C (OR = 3.736, 95%CI: 0.848 - 16.461), waistline (OR = 6.846, 95%CI: 1.441 - 32.532), education (OR = 0.169, 95%CI: 0.029 - 0.995), and insulin (OR = 0.141, 95%CI: 0.016 - 1.277) were related to high PI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Birth PI was associated with income, waistline, education, insulin, cortisone, and LDL-C. Before conception, women should go through necessary tests and keep a good physical condition to reduce their neonates of having abnormal PI.</p>

Changes in blood pressure and related determinants before and during normal pregnancy / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the longitudinal changes of blood pressure (BP) and its related determinants before and during normal pregnancy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>14 townships were randomly selected by cluster random sampling method from 37 townships in Liuyang city, Hunan province. Subjects are all women at childbearing age in these 14 townships registered from April 2008 to December 2011. When the subjects visited to the local maternity and child-care agencies for pre-marital check, they were face-to-face interviewed and asked to fill out the questionnaire and finish the medical examination. Following-up program was carried out until delivery, with BP and other pregnancy information checked and collected. Analysis on variance of data regarding repeated measurements were used to investigate the changes of BP and related determinants.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 611 cases with complete data were recruited, after excluding 41 cases who were diagnosed as pregnancy-induced hypertension. Finally, data on 570 healthy women with singleton pregnancies was analyzed. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) at pre-pregnancy, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester were (109.9 ± 12.9) mm Hg, (100.6 ± 9.6) mm Hg, (102.6 ± 10.1) mm Hg, (107.8 ± 10.9) mm Hg, respectively while the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of pre-pregnancy, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester were (71.1 ± 9.0) mm Hg, (64.3 ± 6.6) mm Hg, (65.1 ± 6.8) mm Hg, (68.3 ± 8.1) mm Hg, respectively. The pre-pregnancy BP was lower than the three periods after pregnancy. BP of the third trimester was higher than that of the ones at first or second trimesters, with the difference statistically significant. SBP and DBP both indicated that there were statistically significant changes in the four periods and the linear trend test showed statistically significant. Pre-pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy waist circumference and annual per capita income were determinants which affecting the changes of BP. Higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), wider pre-pregnancy waist circumference and higher annual per capita income were associated with higher BP, while annual per capita income mainly affecting the pre-pregnancy BP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BP of the three periods after pregnancy were lower than that of pre-pregnancy. BP of the third trimester was higher than both the first and second trimesters'. Pre-pregnancy BMI, pre-pregnancy waist circumference and annual per capita income were determinants which affecting the changes of BP.</p>

Interaction between exposure to environmental smoke and the family history of chronic bronchitis (CB) on the risk of CB in rural females in Liuyang city, Hunan province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationships and interaction among the exposure to environmental smoke, family history of chronic bronchitis (CB) and CB, in rural women.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A population-based case-control study chi(2) was used to analyze the relationship between environmental smoke exposure, CB family history and CB. Additive effects model was used to analyze the interaction.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the first stage, 157 CB patients were screened from 24 268 women residents (prevalence rate is 6.47 per thousand), then 92 patients (case group) and 114 healthy women (control group) were investigated in the second stage. Results showed that: coal/firewood for heating (OR = 36.21) and CB family history (OR = 6.41) might serve as the risk factors of CB in rural women (P < 0.05). Factors as frequent cooking and using coal/firewood for heating had a positive interaction with family history of CB in rural women, CB with S as 5.39 and 9.02, attributable proportions of interaction (API) as 72% and 88%, relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) as 6.50 and 225.99, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Using coal/firewood for heating and CB family history might be the risk factors of CB for rural women. A positive interaction between cooking frequently, heating model and CB family history was also seen.</p>